FOOTBALL NEWS: Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, commonly referred to as Spurs, is an English football club based in Tottenham, London, that plays in the Premier League. The club's home stadium is White Hart Lane. Founded in 1882, Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901, making it the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League. Tottenham was the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double, winning both competitions in the 1960–61 season. After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962, in 1963 it became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition – the European Cup Winners' Cup.[2] In 1967 it won the FA Cup for a third time in the 1960s. In the 1970s Tottenham won the League Cup on two occasions and was the inaugural winner of the UEFA Cup in 1972, becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies. In the 1980s Spurs won several trophies: the FA Cup twice, FA Community Shield and the UEFA Cup in 1984. In the 1990s the club won the FA Cup and the League Cup. When it won the League Cup once more in 2008, it meant that it had won a major trophy in each of the last six decades – an achievement only matched by Manchester United. The club's Latin motto is Audere est Facere (lit: "To Dare Is to Do"), and its emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football. The club has a long-standing rivalry with near neighbours Arsenal. Matches between the two teams are known as the North London derby. Contents 1 History 2 Stadium 2.1 Tottenham Marshes 2.2 Northumberland Park 2.3 White Hart Lane 2.4 Stadium plans 2.4.1 Northumberland Development Project 2.4.2 Olympic Stadium 3 Crest 4 Kit 4.1 Kit manufacturers 4.2 Shirt sponsors 5 Ownership 6 Support 7 Social responsibility 8 Tottenham Hotspur ladies 9 Honours 10 Statistics and records 11 Players 11.1 First-team squad 11.2 Out on Loan 11.3 Reserves and Academy 11.4 Transfers 12 Club management and support staff 13 Club directors 14 Former managers and players 14.1 Managers and head coaches in club's history 14.2 Top 20 managers of the club's history 14.3 Notable former players 15 Club player of the year 16 Affiliated clubs 17 Superleague Formula 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links 20.1 News sites History Main article: History of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Sandy Brown (hidden) scoring the third goal for Tottenham Hotspur in the 1901 FA Cup Final replay against Sheffield United The club was formed in 1882, as Hotspur F.C., and played in the Southern League until 1908, when it was elected into the Football League Second Division. Before this promotion Tottenham had won the FA Cup in 1901, making it the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League. Since then, Tottenham have won the FA Cup a further seven times, the Football League twice, the Football League Cup four times, the UEFA Cup twice and also the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. The Cup Winners' Cup victory in 1963 made Tottenham the first English team to win a UEFA competition. In 1960–61 it became the first team to complete The Double in the Twentieth Century. Stadium Tottenham Marshes Tottenham played their first matches at Tottenham Marshes on the available public pitches and remained there for six years. It was at this ground that Spurs first played arch rivals Arsenal (then known as Royal Arsenal), leading 2–1 until the match got called off due to poor light after the away team arrived late.[3] There were occasions on which fights would break out on the marshes in dispute of the teams that were allowed to use the best pitches. Crowds were increasing and a new site was needed to accommodate these supporters. Northumberland Park In 1898 the club moved from the marshes to Northumberland Park and charged an admission fee of 3d. They only remained at this ground for a year as in April 1899 14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. The ground was no longer able to cope with the larger crowds and Tottenham Hotspur was forced to move to a new larger site 100 yards down the road, to the current ground. White Hart Lane Main article: White Hart Lane Aerial image of White Hart Lane The White Hart Lane ground was originally a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons and located behind a public house on Tottenham High Road (the actual White Hart Lane road lies a few hundred yards north the other side of the High Road). The landlord realised the increased revenues he could enjoy if Tottenham played their matches behind his pub and the club moved in. They brought with them the stand they used at Northumberland Park which gave shelter to 2,500 fans. Notts County were the first visitors to 'the Lane' in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and bringing in £115 in receipts, Spurs won 4–1. QPR became the first competitive visitors to the ground and 11,000 people saw them lose 1–0 to Tottenham. Since 1910, Tottenham have displayed a bronze cast of a cockerel made by a former player. In 1905 Tottenham raised enough money to buy the freehold to the land and became the permanent owners of the ground. As the club grew new stands were added. A new main stand was added in 1909, the East stand was also covered this year and extended further two years later. The profits from the 1921 FA Cup win were used to build a covered terrace at the Paxton Road end and the Park Lane end was built at a cost of over £3,000 some two years later. This increased the ground's capacity to around 58,000 with room for 40,000 under cover. The East Stand development was finishing in 1934 which increased the capacity to around 80,000 spectators and cost £60,000. The pitch was renovated in 1952 which uncovered a number of items from the old nursery on the site and one year later the first floodlights were introduced. These lights were upgraded in 1957 which required the cockerel to be moved from the West Stand to the East and then in 1961 floodlight pylons were installed. The West Stand was replaced by an expensive (and far behind schedule) new structure and the stadium started its long modernisation process. Various developments and upgrades were implemented over the years and in 1992 the lower terraces of the south and east stand were converted to seating and the whole of the North stand followed to become all-seater the following season. The South Stand re-development was completed in March 1995 and included the first giant Sony Jumbotron TV screen for live game coverage and away match screenings. The capacity of the stadium increased to just over 33,000. In 1997/98 season the Paxton Road stand had a new upper tier added which included the second Jumbotron screen and increased capacity to 36,240 and was funded by a rights issue in 1996.[4] Minor amendments to the seating configuration were made in 2006 bringing the current capacity of the stadium to 36,310. Stadium plans Northumberland Development Project Main article: Northumberland Development Project The club stated in 2007 that it would announce it was considering options for increasing stadium capacity involving redevelopment of the current site or a move to a new site. Tottenham Hotspur advised in its 2007/8 Interim Financial Statement that the preferred option would be announced in the first half of 2008, but delayed this decision until the autumn.[5] In October 2008, the club announced that, if approved, it was planning to build the new stadium just to the north of the existing stadium at White Hart Lane, with the southern half of the new stadium's pitch located on the northwest corner of the Lane. The unique design of the build would allow the new stadium to be built adjacent to White Hart Lane as the old facility continues to be used for the team. During the summer after two thirds of the new stadium was complete, the northern and western stands would be demolished and a new pitch laid. The rest of the stadium would be built in the years to follow. Club chairman Daniel Levy announced in November 2009 that the new stadium will not adopt the White Hart Lane name, but will instead be named after a sponsor.[6] The club first submitted a planning application in October 2009, however following adverse reaction the application was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application in May 2010. Planning permission from Haringey Council to build a larger stadium and other associated developments utilising both the current White Hart Lane site and adjacent land which the club had purchased was eventually obtained (subject to negotiation of 'section 106' developer contributions)in September 2010.[7] The Mayor of London gave his approval to the plans to redevelop the stadium on 25 November 2010. As an intervention by the UK Government was now considered unlikely, the Club decision to proceed or not is still awaited.[8] On 20 September 2011, planning permission was granted. [9] Olympic Stadium Back in 2006 the club had also considered a move to a new site. One possibility for the club was the use the Olympic Stadium after the London 2012 Olympics. As this would have involved a move out of the Tottenham area and because the stadium was required to retain a running track, in October 2006 the plan was reported to have been dropped.[10] However, on 1 October 2010 Chairman Daniel Levy advised that the club had registered an interest in bidding for the stadium in conjunction with AEG (Europe) to keep its options open whilst there remained uncertainties about the success of the Northumberland Development Project.[7] On 12 November 2010 the Olympic Park Legacy Company (OPLC) announced that the Tottenham Hotspur / AEG consortium had been shortlisted as one of the two preferred bidders to take over the Olympic Stadium after the 2012 Olympics.[11] The OPLC announced on 11 February 2011 that West Ham had been selected as the preferred bidder for the Olympic Stadium, subject to final governmental ratification.[12] Crest Since the 1901 FA Cup final the Tottenham Hotspur crest has featured a cockerel. Harry Hotspur (from whom the club is said to take its name) wore riding spurs and his fighting cocks were fitted with spurs which can be seen in the crests.[13] In 1909 a former player named William James Scott made a bronze cast of a cockerel standing on a football to be placed on top of the West Stand and since then the cockerel and ball have been the major part of the club's identity.[14] Between 1956 and 2006 Spurs used a coat of arms featuring a number of landmarks and associations linked to local area. The lions flanking the shield came from the Northumberland family's arms. They owned large areas of Tottenham and Sir Henry Percy (Harry Hotspur) was a family member. The castle alludes to Bruce Castle located 400 yards from the ground and which now houses a museum. The trees are those of Seven Sisters which were planted at Page Green by the Seven Sisters of Tottenham and after whom a railway/tube station and main road are named. The arms featured the Latin motto Audere Est Facere. In 1983, to overcome unauthorised "pirate" merchandising, the club's badge was altered by adding the two red heraldic lions and the motto scroll. This device appeared on most Spurs' playing kits for the next 23 years. To rebrand and modernise the club's image, in 2006 both this club badge and the coat of arms gave way to a professionally designed logo/emblem.[15] This revamp features a leaner and fitter cockerel and an old-time football together with the club name. The club claims that the rebranding kept much of the original meaning of the name, and emphasised its originality.[16] Spurs badge 1956 to 1983 Early Crest Spurs badge 1983–2006 Club emblem 2006 – present Kit The first Tottenham kit was navy blue shirt and shorts, but after the first season the club did not have one specific design for many years.[17] In 1884 the club changed to a "quartered" kit similar in style to that of Blackburn Rovers.[18] Shortly after moving to Northumberland Road, the kit changed again to red shirt and blue shorts. Five years later, after becoming a professional club, they switched to a chocolate and gold striped kit. At the end of the 19th century the club switched colours yet again, to the white shirts and blue shorts which they are now well known for wearing, hence the nickname "Lilywhites". This colour choice is thought to be in homage to Preston North End who had recently done The Double. White and navy blue have remained as the club's basic colours ever since. Soon after the First World War, the cockerel badge was added to the shirt. In 1939 numbers first appeared on shirt backs, and in 1983 Holsten became the first commercial sponsor logo to appear on the shirt. The club were the first to wear long-cut shorts, an innovation at a time where football kits all featured shorts cut well above the knee.[19] When Thomson was chosen as kit sponsor in 2002 some Tottenham fans were unhappy as the logo on the front was red, the colour of their closest rivals, Arsenal FC.[20] In 2006, Tottenham then succeeded in securing a record £34m sponsorship deal with internet casino group Mansion.[21] In July 2010 Tottenham announced that they had agreed a two-year shirt sponsorship deal with software infrastructure company Autonomy. The deal is said to be worth £20 million.[22] In August 2010 the north London club signed a deal with leading specialist bank and asset management firm Investec to become its official shirt sponsor for the Champions League and domestic cup competitions for the next two years. The deal was reportedly worth £5 million pounds.[23][24] In March 2011, Under Armour announced a five-year deal to supply shirts and other apparel to Tottenham starting at the beginning of the 2012–13 season, but terms of the deal were undisclosed. The kit is being revealed 12 July in London. [25] 1896–98 1890–96 1884–86 1883–84: First kit Kit manufacturers 1978–1980: Admiral 1980–1985: Le Coq Sportif 1985–1991: Hummel 1991–1995: Umbro 1995–1999: Pony 1999–2002: Adidas 2002–2006: Kappa 2006–2012: Puma 2012–2017: Under Armour Shirt sponsors 1882–1983: No sponsor 1983–1995: Holsten 1995–1999: Hewlett Packard 1999–2002: Holsten 2002–2006: Thomson Holidays 2006–2010: Mansion.com Casino & Poker 2010–2011: Autonomy Corporation (Premier League)[26] 2011–: Aurasma1 [27] (Premier League) 2010–: Investec Bank (Champions League, FA Cup, Carling Cup, Europa League)[24][28] 1 – Aurasma is a subsidiary of the Autonomy Corporation Ownership From 2001 to 2011 shares in Tottenham Hotspur FC were listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM index). The majority shareholder was ENIC International Ltd, an investment company established by the British billionaire Joe Lewis. Daniel Levy, Lewis's partner at ENIC, is Executive Chairman of the club. Shareholding by ENIC was increased over this period through the purchase of the remaining 14.7% holding of former chairman Alan Sugar's .[29] and those belonging to Stelios Haji-Ioannou who held a 9.9 per cent stake through Hodram Inc and sold them to ENIC by 2009, On 21 August 2009 the club reported that it had issued a further 30 million shares to fund the initial development costs of the new stadium project, and that 27.8 million of these new shares had been purchased by ENIC.[30] The Annual Report for 2010 indicated that ENIC had acquired 76% of all Ordinary Shares and also held 97% of all convertible redeemable preference shares, equivalent to a holding of 85% of share capital.[31] According to the 2011 Annual Report, published in November 2011, ENIC had exercised its preference share options and held 181,793,258 ordinary shares in Tottenham Hotspur plc representing 85% of all those issued.[32] However, at the 2011 AGM Chairman Levy announced that the board was intending to delist from the AIM exchange as the listing restricted the club's "ability to secure funding" in connection with the redevelopment of the White Hart Lane site known as the Northumberland Development Project. On 16 January 2012 the club announced that the club had been transferred into private ownership following the delisting of shares which had been implemented at of the close of dealing on the previous Friday the 13 January.[33] Support North London derby 2010.04.14-ver2.ogv Tottenham against rivals Arsenal, known as the North London derby, in April 2010. Tottenham fans are singing to Sol Campbell after he left Tottenham and joined Arsenal in 2001. Tottenham have a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, drawn largely from North London and the Home counties. Five times between 1946 and 1969, Tottenham had the highest average attendance in England.[34][35] There are also Tottenham supporters' clubs located all over the world. Tottenham were 9th in average attendances for the 2008/9 Premier League season, and 11th for all Premier League seasons.[36] Historical supporters of the club have included such figures as A.J. Ayer.[37][38] Tottenham supporters have rivalries with several clubs, mainly within the London area. The fiercest of these is with North London rivals Arsenal. They also share notable rivalries with fellow London clubs Chelsea and West Ham United.[39] The club, as with many clubs in London, has a large Jewish following and this has led to much antisemitic provocation[40][41] against Tottenham supporters. Tottenham supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish, united against this and adopted the nickname "Yids", developing chants to support this. Many fans view adopting "Yid" as a badge of pride, helping defuse its power as an insult.[42] Today it is mainly used to distinguish Tottenham fans from other football supporters. Many fans, however, disagree with the use of the name "Yid", and believe it will only attract more racism.[43] In April 2011, Jewish comedian, author and Chelsea-supporter[44] David Baddiel produced a short film stating that the anti-semitic chanting is as unacceptable as the abuse still suffered by black footballers, and must be stamped out accordingly.[45] A similar situation exists in Amsterdam with regards to Ajax fans.[46] Social responsibility The club through its Community Programme has, since 2006, been working with Haringey Council and the Metropolitan Housing Trust and the local community on developing sports facilities and social programmes which have also been financially supported by Barclays Spaces for Sport and the Football Foundation.[47][48] The Tottenham Hotspur Foundation received high-level political support from the Prime Minister when it was launched at 10 Downing Street in February 2007.[49] In March 2007 the Club announced a partnership with the charity SOS Children's Villages UK.[50] Player fines will go towards this charity’s children’s village in Rustenburg, South Africa with the funds being used to cover the running costs as well as in support of a variety of community development projects in and around Rustenburg. In the financial year 2006–07, Tottenham topped a league of Premier League charitable donations when viewed both in overall terms[51] and as a percentage of turnover by giving £4,545,889, including a one-off contribution of £4.5 million over four years, to set up the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.[52] This compared to donations of £9,763 in 2005–06.[53] This commitment is an example of professional sport supporting the communities and people who support and enrich them through their attendance and other participation and support.[54][55] The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10:10 project which encourages individuals, businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues. They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint. To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models, they turned down their heating dials and took less short-haul flights among a host of other things.[56] After working with 10:10 for one year, they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by an impressive 14%.[56] Tottenham Hotspur ladies Tottenham's ladies team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies. They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991/1992 season and played in the South-East & London Regional Women's League (the fourth tier of the game). They won promotion after topping the league in 2007/08, and currently play in the South East Combination Women's Football League (the third tier of the game). Honours See also: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. reserve and academy squads Honour Number of wins Years League Football League First Division (champions) 2 1950–51, 1960–61 Football League First Division (runners-up) 4 1921–22, 1951–52, 1956–57, 1962–63 Football League Second Division (champions) 2 1919–20, 1949–50 Football League Second Division (runners-up) 2 1908–09, 1932–33 Southern League (champions) 1 1899–1900 Western League (champions) 1 1903–04 Domestic cups FA Cup (winners) 8 1901, 1921, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1981, 1982, 1991 FA Cup (runners-up) 1 1987 League Cup (winners) 4 1971, 1973, 1999, 2008 League Cup (runners-up) 3 1982, 2002, 2009 FA Charity Shield (winners) 7 (3 shared) 1921, 1951, 1961, 1962, (1967, 1981, 1991) FA Charity Shield (runners-up) 2 1920, 1982 European cups UEFA Cup (winners) 2 1972 (inaugural winners), 1984 UEFA Cup (runners-up) 1 1974 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (winners) 1 1963 Anglo-Italian League Cup (winners) 1 1971 Statistics and records Main article: List of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. records and statistics Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[57][58] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goalscoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[59] Tottenham's record league win is 9–0 against Bristol Rovers in the Second Division on 22 October 1977.[60][61] The club's record cup victory came on 3 February 1960 with a 13–2 win over Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup.[62] Spurs' biggest top-flight victory came against Wigan Athletic on 22 November 2009, when they won 9–1 with Jermain Defoe scoring five goals.[61][63] The club's record defeat is an 8–0 loss to 1. FC Köln in the Intertoto Cup on 22 July 1995.[64]

Friday, 27 July 2012

Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, commonly referred to as Spurs, is an English football club based in Tottenham, London, that plays in the Premier League. The club's home stadium is White Hart Lane. Founded in 1882, Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901, making it the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League. Tottenham was the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double, winning both competitions in the 1960–61 season. After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962, in 1963 it became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition – the European Cup Winners' Cup.[2] In 1967 it won the FA Cup for a third time in the 1960s. In the 1970s Tottenham won the League Cup on two occasions and was the inaugural winner of the UEFA Cup in 1972, becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies. In the 1980s Spurs won several trophies: the FA Cup twice, FA Community Shield and the UEFA Cup in 1984. In the 1990s the club won the FA Cup and the League Cup. When it won the League Cup once more in 2008, it meant that it had won a major trophy in each of the last six decades – an achievement only matched by Manchester United. The club's Latin motto is Audere est Facere (lit: "To Dare Is to Do"), and its emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football. The club has a long-standing rivalry with near neighbours Arsenal. Matches between the two teams are known as the North London derby. Contents 1 History 2 Stadium 2.1 Tottenham Marshes 2.2 Northumberland Park 2.3 White Hart Lane 2.4 Stadium plans 2.4.1 Northumberland Development Project 2.4.2 Olympic Stadium 3 Crest 4 Kit 4.1 Kit manufacturers 4.2 Shirt sponsors 5 Ownership 6 Support 7 Social responsibility 8 Tottenham Hotspur ladies 9 Honours 10 Statistics and records 11 Players 11.1 First-team squad 11.2 Out on Loan 11.3 Reserves and Academy 11.4 Transfers 12 Club management and support staff 13 Club directors 14 Former managers and players 14.1 Managers and head coaches in club's history 14.2 Top 20 managers of the club's history 14.3 Notable former players 15 Club player of the year 16 Affiliated clubs 17 Superleague Formula 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links 20.1 News sites History Main article: History of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Sandy Brown (hidden) scoring the third goal for Tottenham Hotspur in the 1901 FA Cup Final replay against Sheffield United The club was formed in 1882, as Hotspur F.C., and played in the Southern League until 1908, when it was elected into the Football League Second Division. Before this promotion Tottenham had won the FA Cup in 1901, making it the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League. Since then, Tottenham have won the FA Cup a further seven times, the Football League twice, the Football League Cup four times, the UEFA Cup twice and also the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. The Cup Winners' Cup victory in 1963 made Tottenham the first English team to win a UEFA competition. In 1960–61 it became the first team to complete The Double in the Twentieth Century. Stadium Tottenham Marshes Tottenham played their first matches at Tottenham Marshes on the available public pitches and remained there for six years. It was at this ground that Spurs first played arch rivals Arsenal (then known as Royal Arsenal), leading 2–1 until the match got called off due to poor light after the away team arrived late.[3] There were occasions on which fights would break out on the marshes in dispute of the teams that were allowed to use the best pitches. Crowds were increasing and a new site was needed to accommodate these supporters. Northumberland Park In 1898 the club moved from the marshes to Northumberland Park and charged an admission fee of 3d. They only remained at this ground for a year as in April 1899 14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. The ground was no longer able to cope with the larger crowds and Tottenham Hotspur was forced to move to a new larger site 100 yards down the road, to the current ground. White Hart Lane Main article: White Hart Lane Aerial image of White Hart Lane The White Hart Lane ground was originally a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons and located behind a public house on Tottenham High Road (the actual White Hart Lane road lies a few hundred yards north the other side of the High Road). The landlord realised the increased revenues he could enjoy if Tottenham played their matches behind his pub and the club moved in. They brought with them the stand they used at Northumberland Park which gave shelter to 2,500 fans. Notts County were the first visitors to 'the Lane' in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and bringing in £115 in receipts, Spurs won 4–1. QPR became the first competitive visitors to the ground and 11,000 people saw them lose 1–0 to Tottenham. Since 1910, Tottenham have displayed a bronze cast of a cockerel made by a former player. In 1905 Tottenham raised enough money to buy the freehold to the land and became the permanent owners of the ground. As the club grew new stands were added. A new main stand was added in 1909, the East stand was also covered this year and extended further two years later. The profits from the 1921 FA Cup win were used to build a covered terrace at the Paxton Road end and the Park Lane end was built at a cost of over £3,000 some two years later. This increased the ground's capacity to around 58,000 with room for 40,000 under cover. The East Stand development was finishing in 1934 which increased the capacity to around 80,000 spectators and cost £60,000. The pitch was renovated in 1952 which uncovered a number of items from the old nursery on the site and one year later the first floodlights were introduced. These lights were upgraded in 1957 which required the cockerel to be moved from the West Stand to the East and then in 1961 floodlight pylons were installed. The West Stand was replaced by an expensive (and far behind schedule) new structure and the stadium started its long modernisation process. Various developments and upgrades were implemented over the years and in 1992 the lower terraces of the south and east stand were converted to seating and the whole of the North stand followed to become all-seater the following season. The South Stand re-development was completed in March 1995 and included the first giant Sony Jumbotron TV screen for live game coverage and away match screenings. The capacity of the stadium increased to just over 33,000. In 1997/98 season the Paxton Road stand had a new upper tier added which included the second Jumbotron screen and increased capacity to 36,240 and was funded by a rights issue in 1996.[4] Minor amendments to the seating configuration were made in 2006 bringing the current capacity of the stadium to 36,310. Stadium plans Northumberland Development Project Main article: Northumberland Development Project The club stated in 2007 that it would announce it was considering options for increasing stadium capacity involving redevelopment of the current site or a move to a new site. Tottenham Hotspur advised in its 2007/8 Interim Financial Statement that the preferred option would be announced in the first half of 2008, but delayed this decision until the autumn.[5] In October 2008, the club announced that, if approved, it was planning to build the new stadium just to the north of the existing stadium at White Hart Lane, with the southern half of the new stadium's pitch located on the northwest corner of the Lane. The unique design of the build would allow the new stadium to be built adjacent to White Hart Lane as the old facility continues to be used for the team. During the summer after two thirds of the new stadium was complete, the northern and western stands would be demolished and a new pitch laid. The rest of the stadium would be built in the years to follow. Club chairman Daniel Levy announced in November 2009 that the new stadium will not adopt the White Hart Lane name, but will instead be named after a sponsor.[6] The club first submitted a planning application in October 2009, however following adverse reaction the application was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application in May 2010. Planning permission from Haringey Council to build a larger stadium and other associated developments utilising both the current White Hart Lane site and adjacent land which the club had purchased was eventually obtained (subject to negotiation of 'section 106' developer contributions)in September 2010.[7] The Mayor of London gave his approval to the plans to redevelop the stadium on 25 November 2010. As an intervention by the UK Government was now considered unlikely, the Club decision to proceed or not is still awaited.[8] On 20 September 2011, planning permission was granted. [9] Olympic Stadium Back in 2006 the club had also considered a move to a new site. One possibility for the club was the use the Olympic Stadium after the London 2012 Olympics. As this would have involved a move out of the Tottenham area and because the stadium was required to retain a running track, in October 2006 the plan was reported to have been dropped.[10] However, on 1 October 2010 Chairman Daniel Levy advised that the club had registered an interest in bidding for the stadium in conjunction with AEG (Europe) to keep its options open whilst there remained uncertainties about the success of the Northumberland Development Project.[7] On 12 November 2010 the Olympic Park Legacy Company (OPLC) announced that the Tottenham Hotspur / AEG consortium had been shortlisted as one of the two preferred bidders to take over the Olympic Stadium after the 2012 Olympics.[11] The OPLC announced on 11 February 2011 that West Ham had been selected as the preferred bidder for the Olympic Stadium, subject to final governmental ratification.[12] Crest Since the 1901 FA Cup final the Tottenham Hotspur crest has featured a cockerel. Harry Hotspur (from whom the club is said to take its name) wore riding spurs and his fighting cocks were fitted with spurs which can be seen in the crests.[13] In 1909 a former player named William James Scott made a bronze cast of a cockerel standing on a football to be placed on top of the West Stand and since then the cockerel and ball have been the major part of the club's identity.[14] Between 1956 and 2006 Spurs used a coat of arms featuring a number of landmarks and associations linked to local area. The lions flanking the shield came from the Northumberland family's arms. They owned large areas of Tottenham and Sir Henry Percy (Harry Hotspur) was a family member. The castle alludes to Bruce Castle located 400 yards from the ground and which now houses a museum. The trees are those of Seven Sisters which were planted at Page Green by the Seven Sisters of Tottenham and after whom a railway/tube station and main road are named. The arms featured the Latin motto Audere Est Facere. In 1983, to overcome unauthorised "pirate" merchandising, the club's badge was altered by adding the two red heraldic lions and the motto scroll. This device appeared on most Spurs' playing kits for the next 23 years. To rebrand and modernise the club's image, in 2006 both this club badge and the coat of arms gave way to a professionally designed logo/emblem.[15] This revamp features a leaner and fitter cockerel and an old-time football together with the club name. The club claims that the rebranding kept much of the original meaning of the name, and emphasised its originality.[16] Spurs badge 1956 to 1983 Early Crest Spurs badge 1983–2006 Club emblem 2006 – present Kit The first Tottenham kit was navy blue shirt and shorts, but after the first season the club did not have one specific design for many years.[17] In 1884 the club changed to a "quartered" kit similar in style to that of Blackburn Rovers.[18] Shortly after moving to Northumberland Road, the kit changed again to red shirt and blue shorts. Five years later, after becoming a professional club, they switched to a chocolate and gold striped kit. At the end of the 19th century the club switched colours yet again, to the white shirts and blue shorts which they are now well known for wearing, hence the nickname "Lilywhites". This colour choice is thought to be in homage to Preston North End who had recently done The Double. White and navy blue have remained as the club's basic colours ever since. Soon after the First World War, the cockerel badge was added to the shirt. In 1939 numbers first appeared on shirt backs, and in 1983 Holsten became the first commercial sponsor logo to appear on the shirt. The club were the first to wear long-cut shorts, an innovation at a time where football kits all featured shorts cut well above the knee.[19] When Thomson was chosen as kit sponsor in 2002 some Tottenham fans were unhappy as the logo on the front was red, the colour of their closest rivals, Arsenal FC.[20] In 2006, Tottenham then succeeded in securing a record £34m sponsorship deal with internet casino group Mansion.[21] In July 2010 Tottenham announced that they had agreed a two-year shirt sponsorship deal with software infrastructure company Autonomy. The deal is said to be worth £20 million.[22] In August 2010 the north London club signed a deal with leading specialist bank and asset management firm Investec to become its official shirt sponsor for the Champions League and domestic cup competitions for the next two years. The deal was reportedly worth £5 million pounds.[23][24] In March 2011, Under Armour announced a five-year deal to supply shirts and other apparel to Tottenham starting at the beginning of the 2012–13 season, but terms of the deal were undisclosed. The kit is being revealed 12 July in London. [25] 1896–98 1890–96 1884–86 1883–84: First kit Kit manufacturers 1978–1980: Admiral 1980–1985: Le Coq Sportif 1985–1991: Hummel 1991–1995: Umbro 1995–1999: Pony 1999–2002: Adidas 2002–2006: Kappa 2006–2012: Puma 2012–2017: Under Armour Shirt sponsors 1882–1983: No sponsor 1983–1995: Holsten 1995–1999: Hewlett Packard 1999–2002: Holsten 2002–2006: Thomson Holidays 2006–2010: Mansion.com Casino & Poker 2010–2011: Autonomy Corporation (Premier League)[26] 2011–: Aurasma1 [27] (Premier League) 2010–: Investec Bank (Champions League, FA Cup, Carling Cup, Europa League)[24][28] 1 – Aurasma is a subsidiary of the Autonomy Corporation Ownership From 2001 to 2011 shares in Tottenham Hotspur FC were listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM index). The majority shareholder was ENIC International Ltd, an investment company established by the British billionaire Joe Lewis. Daniel Levy, Lewis's partner at ENIC, is Executive Chairman of the club. Shareholding by ENIC was increased over this period through the purchase of the remaining 14.7% holding of former chairman Alan Sugar's .[29] and those belonging to Stelios Haji-Ioannou who held a 9.9 per cent stake through Hodram Inc and sold them to ENIC by 2009, On 21 August 2009 the club reported that it had issued a further 30 million shares to fund the initial development costs of the new stadium project, and that 27.8 million of these new shares had been purchased by ENIC.[30] The Annual Report for 2010 indicated that ENIC had acquired 76% of all Ordinary Shares and also held 97% of all convertible redeemable preference shares, equivalent to a holding of 85% of share capital.[31] According to the 2011 Annual Report, published in November 2011, ENIC had exercised its preference share options and held 181,793,258 ordinary shares in Tottenham Hotspur plc representing 85% of all those issued.[32] However, at the 2011 AGM Chairman Levy announced that the board was intending to delist from the AIM exchange as the listing restricted the club's "ability to secure funding" in connection with the redevelopment of the White Hart Lane site known as the Northumberland Development Project. On 16 January 2012 the club announced that the club had been transferred into private ownership following the delisting of shares which had been implemented at of the close of dealing on the previous Friday the 13 January.[33] Support North London derby 2010.04.14-ver2.ogv Tottenham against rivals Arsenal, known as the North London derby, in April 2010. Tottenham fans are singing to Sol Campbell after he left Tottenham and joined Arsenal in 2001. Tottenham have a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, drawn largely from North London and the Home counties. Five times between 1946 and 1969, Tottenham had the highest average attendance in England.[34][35] There are also Tottenham supporters' clubs located all over the world. Tottenham were 9th in average attendances for the 2008/9 Premier League season, and 11th for all Premier League seasons.[36] Historical supporters of the club have included such figures as A.J. Ayer.[37][38] Tottenham supporters have rivalries with several clubs, mainly within the London area. The fiercest of these is with North London rivals Arsenal. They also share notable rivalries with fellow London clubs Chelsea and West Ham United.[39] The club, as with many clubs in London, has a large Jewish following and this has led to much antisemitic provocation[40][41] against Tottenham supporters. Tottenham supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish, united against this and adopted the nickname "Yids", developing chants to support this. Many fans view adopting "Yid" as a badge of pride, helping defuse its power as an insult.[42] Today it is mainly used to distinguish Tottenham fans from other football supporters. Many fans, however, disagree with the use of the name "Yid", and believe it will only attract more racism.[43] In April 2011, Jewish comedian, author and Chelsea-supporter[44] David Baddiel produced a short film stating that the anti-semitic chanting is as unacceptable as the abuse still suffered by black footballers, and must be stamped out accordingly.[45] A similar situation exists in Amsterdam with regards to Ajax fans.[46] Social responsibility The club through its Community Programme has, since 2006, been working with Haringey Council and the Metropolitan Housing Trust and the local community on developing sports facilities and social programmes which have also been financially supported by Barclays Spaces for Sport and the Football Foundation.[47][48] The Tottenham Hotspur Foundation received high-level political support from the Prime Minister when it was launched at 10 Downing Street in February 2007.[49] In March 2007 the Club announced a partnership with the charity SOS Children's Villages UK.[50] Player fines will go towards this charity’s children’s village in Rustenburg, South Africa with the funds being used to cover the running costs as well as in support of a variety of community development projects in and around Rustenburg. In the financial year 2006–07, Tottenham topped a league of Premier League charitable donations when viewed both in overall terms[51] and as a percentage of turnover by giving £4,545,889, including a one-off contribution of £4.5 million over four years, to set up the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.[52] This compared to donations of £9,763 in 2005–06.[53] This commitment is an example of professional sport supporting the communities and people who support and enrich them through their attendance and other participation and support.[54][55] The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10:10 project which encourages individuals, businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues. They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint. To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models, they turned down their heating dials and took less short-haul flights among a host of other things.[56] After working with 10:10 for one year, they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by an impressive 14%.[56] Tottenham Hotspur ladies Tottenham's ladies team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies. They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991/1992 season and played in the South-East & London Regional Women's League (the fourth tier of the game). They won promotion after topping the league in 2007/08, and currently play in the South East Combination Women's Football League (the third tier of the game). Honours See also: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. reserve and academy squads Honour Number of wins Years League Football League First Division (champions) 2 1950–51, 1960–61 Football League First Division (runners-up) 4 1921–22, 1951–52, 1956–57, 1962–63 Football League Second Division (champions) 2 1919–20, 1949–50 Football League Second Division (runners-up) 2 1908–09, 1932–33 Southern League (champions) 1 1899–1900 Western League (champions) 1 1903–04 Domestic cups FA Cup (winners) 8 1901, 1921, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1981, 1982, 1991 FA Cup (runners-up) 1 1987 League Cup (winners) 4 1971, 1973, 1999, 2008 League Cup (runners-up) 3 1982, 2002, 2009 FA Charity Shield (winners) 7 (3 shared) 1921, 1951, 1961, 1962, (1967, 1981, 1991) FA Charity Shield (runners-up) 2 1920, 1982 European cups UEFA Cup (winners) 2 1972 (inaugural winners), 1984 UEFA Cup (runners-up) 1 1974 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (winners) 1 1963 Anglo-Italian League Cup (winners) 1 1971 Statistics and records Main article: List of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. records and statistics Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[57][58] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goalscoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[59] Tottenham's record league win is 9–0 against Bristol Rovers in the Second Division on 22 October 1977.[60][61] The club's record cup victory came on 3 February 1960 with a 13–2 win over Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup.[62] Spurs' biggest top-flight victory came against Wigan Athletic on 22 November 2009, when they won 9–1 with Jermain Defoe scoring five goals.[61][63] The club's record defeat is an 8–0 loss to 1. FC Köln in the Intertoto Cup on 22 July 1995.[64]

Manchester City Football Club is an English Premier League football club based in Manchester. Founded in 1880 as St. Mark's (West Gorton), they became Ardwick Association Football Club in 1887 and Manchester City in 1894. The club has played at the City of Manchester Stadium since 2003, having played at Maine Road from 1923. The club's most successful period was in the late 1960s and early 1970s when they won the League Championship, FA Cup, League Cup and European Cup Winners' Cup under the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison.
After losing the 1981 FA Cup Final, the club went through a period of decline, culminating in relegation to the third tier of English football for the first time in their history in 1998. In August 2008, the club was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group, resulting in the club becoming one of the richest in world football. In 2011, Manchester City qualified for the Champions League and won the FA Cup. In 2012, the club won the Premier League, their first league title for forty-four years.

History

Main article: History of Manchester City F.C.

Fifteen men posing across three rows. Eleven of the men are wearing a football kit with a Maltese Cross on the breast. The other four are wearing suits and top hats.

St. Marks (Gorton) in 1884 – the reason for the Maltese cross is unknown to this day^[2]

1880–1928

Main article: History of Manchester City F.C. (1880–1928)

City gained their first honours by winning the Second Division in 1899; with it came promotion to the highest level in English football, the First Division. They went on to claim their first major honour on 23 April 1904, beating Bolton Wanderers 1–0 at Crystal Palace to win the FA Cup; City narrowly missed out on a League and Cup double that season after finishing runners-up in the League but City became the first club in Manchester to win a major honour.^[3] In the seasons following the FA Cup triumph, the club was dogged by allegations of financial irregularities, culminating in the suspension of seventeen players in 1906, including captain Billy Meredith, who subsequently moved across town to Manchester United.^[4] A fire at Hyde Road destroyed the main stand in 1920, and in 1923 the club moved to their new purpose-built stadium at Maine Road in Moss Side. The 80,000 capacity stadium would go on to have a remarkable history, and because of high capacity it was nicknamed Wembley of the North.^[5]

1928–1965

Main article: History of Manchester City F.C. (1928–1965)

A group of thirteen men, eleven in association football attire typical of the early twentieth century and two in suits. A trophy sits in front of them

The Manchester City team which won the FA Cup in 1904

In the 1930s, Manchester City reached two consecutive FA Cup finals, losing to Everton in 1933, before claiming the Cup by beating Portsmouth in 1934.^[6] During the 1934 cup run, Manchester City broke the record for the highest home attendance of any club in English football history, as 84,569 fans packed Maine Road for a sixth round FA Cup tie against Stoke City in 1934 – a record which still stands to this day.^[7] The club won the First Division title for the first time in 1937, but were relegated the following season, despite scoring more goals than any other team in the division.^[8] Twenty years later, a City team inspired by a tactical system known as the Revie Plan reached consecutive FA Cup finals again, in 1955 and 1956; just as in the 1930s, they lost the first one, to Newcastle United, and won the second. The 1956 final, in which Manchester City beat Birmingham City 3–1, is one of the most famous finals of all-time, and is remembered for City goalkeeper Bert Trautmann continuing to play on after unknowingly breaking his neck.^[9]

1965–2001

Malcolm Allison holds the League Cup trophy aloft after victory in 1970 during City's most successful era yet

Main article: History of Manchester City F.C. (1965–2001)

After relegation to the Second Division in 1963, the future looked bleak with a record low home attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town in January 1965.^[10] In the summer of 1965, the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison was appointed. In the first season under Mercer, City won the Second Division title and made important signings in Mike Summerbee and Colin Bell.^[11] Two seasons later, in 1967–68, Manchester City claimed the League Championship for the second time, clinching the title on the final day of the season with a 4–3 win at Newcastle United and beating their close neighbours Manchester United into second place.^[12] Further trophies followed: City won the FA Cup in 1969, before achieving European success by winning the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1970, beating Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in Vienna.^[13] City also won the League Cup that season, becoming the second English team to win a European trophy and a domestic trophy in the same season.
The club continued to challenge for honours throughout the 1970s, finishing just one point behind the league champions on two occasions and reaching the final of the 1974 League Cup.^[14] One of the matches from this period that is most fondly remembered by supporters of Manchester City is the final match of the 1973–74 season against arch-rivals Manchester United, who needed to win to have any hope of avoiding relegation. Former United player Denis Law scored with a backheel to give City a 1–0 win at Old Trafford and confirm the relegation of their rivals.^[15]^[16] The final trophy of the club's most successful period was won in 1976, when Newcastle United were beaten 2–1 in the League Cup final.
A long period of decline followed the success of the 1960s and 1970s. Malcolm Allison rejoined the club to become manager for the second time in 1979, but squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings, such as Steve Daley.^[17] A succession of managers then followed – seven in the 1980s alone, the first being John Bond who succeeded Allison in October 1980. Under Bond, City reached the 1981 FA Cup final but lost in a replay to Tottenham Hotspur. The following season began well and they went top of the league just after Christmas, only to finish mid-table at the end of the season. They were relegated a year later, and reclaimed their top flight status two years afterwards, only to lose it within another two years. They returned to the top flight again in 1989 and finished fifth in 1991 and 1992 under the management of Peter Reid.^[18] However, this was only a temporary respite, and following Reid's departure Manchester City's fortunes continued to fade. City were founders of the Premier League upon its creation in 1992, but after finishing ninth in its first season they endured three seasons of struggle before being relegated in 1996. Two years after that, they were relegated to Division Two – becoming the first former winners of a European trophy to be relegated to the third tier of their domestic league.

2001–present

Main article: History of Manchester City F.C. (2001–present)

After relegation, the club underwent off-the-field upheaval, with new chairman David Bernstein introducing greater fiscal discipline.^[19] City were promoted at the first attempt, achieved in dramatic fashion in a play-off against Gillingham. A second successive promotion saw City return to the top division, but this proved to have been a step too far for the recovering club, and in 2001 City were relegated once more. Kevin Keegan arrived as the new manager in the close season, bringing an immediate return to the top division as the club won the 2001–02 Division One championship, breaking club records for the number of points gained and goals scored in a season in the process.^[20] The 2002–03 season was the last at Maine Road, and included a 3–1 derby victory over rivals Manchester United, ending a run of 13 years without a derby win.^[21] City also qualified for European competition for the first time in 25 years after missing out in the 1990s with the European ban on English clubs entering European football. In the 2003 close season the club moved to the new City of Manchester Stadium. The first four seasons at the stadium all resulted in mid-table finishes. Former England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson became the club's first manager from overseas when appointed in 2007.^[22] After a bright start performances faded in the second half of the season, and Eriksson was sacked in June 2008.^[23] Eriksson was replaced by Mark Hughes two days later on 4 June 2008.^[24]
The dream of bringing back the glory era to City, set out by Thaksin Shinawatra just a year before, now seemed doomed,^[25] but what was about to unravel was something manager Hughes and the Manchester City supporters could never have possibly imagined, never mind anticipated – as within the coming months Hughes would find himself placed in a financial position which would become the envy of many a football manager and one which would hopefully change the course of Manchester City's inconsistent history for good. In August 2008, the club was purchased by Abu Dhabi United Group. The takeover was immediately followed by a flurry of bids for high profile players; the club broke the British transfer record by signing Brazilian international Robinho from Real Madrid for £32.5 million.^[26] City finished tenth, and also reached the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup. During the summer of 2009, the club took transfer spending to an unprecedented level, with an outlay of over £100 million on players Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tévez and Joleon Lescott.^[27] On 19 December, it was announced that Mark Hughes had been replaced as manager by Roberto Mancini.^[28] City finished the season in fifth position in the Premier League, narrowly missing out on a place in the Champions League, and compete in the UEFA Europa League in season 2010–11.
Prior to the start of the 2010–11 season, Man City completed the transfers of Jérôme Boateng,^[29] Yaya Touré,^[30] David Silva,^[31] Aleksandar Kolarov^[32] and Mario Balotelli.^[33] James Milner signed during the first week of the season.^[34] Edin Džeko joined the club during the January 2011 transfer window.^[35] On 16 April 2011, City reached the 2011 FA Cup Final, their first major final in over thirty years, defeating derby rivals Manchester United in the semi-final to set up a meeting with Stoke City.^[36] They won the final 1–0, securing their fifth FA Cup (and first since 1969) and their first major trophy since winning the 1976 League Cup. On 10 May 2011, the club qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time with a 1–0 Premier League win over Tottenham Hotspur.^[37] On the last day of the 2010–11 season, City passed Arsenal for third place in the Premier League, thereby securing qualification directly into the Champions League group stage.
For the 2011–12 season, City made a number of high profile signings, including Gaël Clichy, Stefan Savić, Sergio Agüero, Samir Nasri and Owen Hargreaves. City started the season well, and were five points clear at the top of the Premier League after a 6–1 victory over Manchester United in October. Poor form in the middle of the season saw City out of the Champions League and the Europa League, and they fell eight points behind United for the league lead with six matches remaining. City then forged a late-season push to regain the Premiership lead with two matches to go after defeating United 1–0 at Etihad Stadium in what Sir Alex Ferguson called the most important Manchester derby of his managerial career.^[38] Victory in the penultimate game away to Newcastle United left City needing a home win against relegation canditates Queens Park Rangers, but after taking a first-half lead, City were losing 2-1 after 90 minutes; in one of history's most dramatic finishes to a football competition, City scored twice in added time to win the game and win the Premier League title.

Reserves and Academy

Main article: Manchester City F.C. Reserves and Academy

Reserves

Until 2011 the reserves played in the Barclays Premier Reserve League North and the Manchester Senior Cup. The club have fielded a reserve team since 1892, when the reserves played in the Lancashire Combination. The reserves were champions of the Lancashire Combination in 1901/02. They left the Lancashire Combination in 1911 to join the Central League upon its formation. The reserves played in The Central League until 2000, winning it on three occasions; the 1977/78, 1986/87 and 1999/2000 seasons.

Academy

Manchester City's Academy is responsible for youth development at the club, with the goal of developing young players for the future. The club's first youth team was set up by Albert Alexander in the 1920s, known as the 'A' Team. From 1951 the 'A' team competed in the Lancashire League against reserve and youth teams of other clubs from North West England. From 1955 a second youth team, the 'B' team, typically comprising younger players than the 'A' team, competed in Division Two of the Lancashire League. The academy is one of the most revered in the country and since its new incarnation in 1998 it has produced more professional players than any other Premier League club, 35 in total.^[39] 14 of these players are still at the club and in the past two years, there have been eight graduates. From the 2011–12 season the reserves will compete in the new formed NextGen football series, a European style competition in the form of the Champions League or Europa League with the aim of giving young European footballers the opportunity to play against one other.^[40] Manchester City have played a pioneering role in creating the league^[41] amid growing criticism from English media that English football is not producing enough young talent.^[42]^[43] The club also reaches out to young people in the Manchester area through its City in the Community charity programme^[44] which provides Soccer Schools and a City Sixes programme for free coaching at certain venues in Manchester.^[45]

Club badge and colours

Main article: Manchester City F.C. strip

Manchester City's home colours are sky blue and white. Traditional away kit colours have been either maroon or (from the 1960s) red and black; however, in recent years several different colours have been used. The origins of the club's home colours are unclear, but there is evidence that the club has worn blue since 1892 or earlier. A booklet entitled Famous Football Clubs – Manchester City published in the 1940s indicates that West Gorton (St. Marks) originally played in scarlet and black, and reports dating from 1884 describe the team wearing black jerseys bearing a white cross, showing the club's origins as a church side.^[46] The red and black away colours come from former assistant manager Malcolm Allison, who believed that adopting the colours of AC Milan would inspire City to glory.^[47] Allison's theory worked, with City winning the 1969 FA Cup Final, 1970 League Cup Final and the 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup Final in red and black stripes as opposed to the club's home kit of sky blue.
The current club badge was adopted in 1997, a result of the previous badge being ineligible for registration as a trademark.^{[full citation needed]} The badge is based on the arms of the city of Manchester, and consists of a shield in front of a golden eagle. The eagle is an old heraldic symbol of the city of Manchester; a golden eagle was added to the city's badge in 1958 (but has since been removed), representing the growing aviation industry. The shield features a ship on its upper half representing the Manchester Ship Canal, and three diagonal stripes in the lower half symbolise the city's three rivers – the Irwell, the Irk and the Medlock. The bottom of the badge bears the motto Superbia in Proelio, which translates as Pride in Battle in Latin. Above the eagle and shield are three stars, which are purely decorative.
City have previously worn two other badges on their shirts. The first, introduced in 1970, was based on designs which had been used on official club documentation since the mid-1960s. It consisted of a circular badge which used the same shield as the current badge, inside a circle bearing the name of the club. In 1972, this was replaced by a variation which replaced the lower half of the shield with the red rose of Lancashire. On occasions when Manchester City plays in a major cup final, the usual badge has not been used; instead shirts bearing a badge of the arms of the City of Manchester are used, as a symbol of pride in representing the city of Manchester at a major event. This practice originates from a time when the players' shirts did not normally bear a badge of any kind, but has continued throughout the history of the club.^[48] For the 2011 FA Cup Final, City used the usual badge with a special legend, but the Manchester coat of arms was included as a small monochrome logo in the numbers on the back of players' shirts.^[49]

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